化学Chemistry

Metals strengthen with increasing temperature at extreme strain rates

于极度应变速度下，金属随温度升高而加强

▲ 作者：Ian Dowding Christopher A. Schuh

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07420-1

▲ 择要：

于此，于应变率年夜在 106s1且没有打击归并的环境下举行微弹道打击测试，咱们发明温度升高157 C后，铜的强度增长了约30%，于纯钛以及金上也不雅察到了这类效果。这类效应是违背直觉的，由于一般前提下，险些所有质料加热时会变软。

这几种纯金属的异样热强化是节制变形机制发生变迁的成果，从热激活强化到位错的弹道输运，位错经由过程声子彼此作用履历阻力。研究成果指出了一条从高速打造操作到崇高高贵音速运输，能更好建模以及猜测各类极度应变率前提下质料机能的路子。

▲ Abstract：

Here, with microballistic impact testing at strain rates greater than 106s1, and without shock conflation, we show that the strength of copper increases by about 30% for a 157 C increase in temperature, an effect also observed in pure titanium and gold. This effect is counterintuitive, as almost all materials soften when heated under normal conditions. This anomalous thermal strengthening across several pure metals is the result of a change in the controlling deformation mechanism from thermally activated strengthening to ballistic transport of dislocations, which experience drag through phonon interactions. These results point to a pathway to better model and predict materials properties under various extreme strain rate conditions, from high-speed manufacturing operations to hypersonic transport.

Photocatalytic doping of organic semiconductors

无机半导体的光催化掺杂

▲ 作者：Wenlong Jin, Chi-Yuan Yang et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07400-5

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们陈诉了光催化掺杂OSCs，该要领可以于室温下使用空气作为弱氧化剂（p型掺杂）举行操作。这是一种可以运用在各类OSCs以及光催化剂的通用要领，孕育发生跨越3000 S cm 1的电导率。

咱们还展示了乐成的光催化还原（n型掺杂），和同时p型掺杂以及n型掺杂的OSCs，此中用在连结电荷中性的无机盐是独一耗损的化学物资。咱们的光催化掺杂要领为推进OSC掺杂以及开发下一代无机电子器件提供了伟大的潜力。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we report a previously undescribed concept for the photocatalytic doping of OSCs that uses air as a weak oxidant (p-dopant) and operates at room temperature. This is a general approach that can be applied to various OSCs and photocatalysts, yielding electrical conductivities that exceed 3,000Scm 1. We also demonstrate the successful photocatalytic reduction (n-doping) and simultaneous p-doping and n-doping of OSCs in which the organic salt used to maintain charge neutrality is the only chemical consumed. Our photocatalytic doping ���method offers great potential for advancing OSC doping and developing next-generation organic electronic devices.

物理学Physics

Dispersion-assisted high-dimensional photodetector

色散辅助高维光电探测器

▲ 作者：Yandong Fan, Weian Huang et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07398-w

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们证实了具备空间以及频次色散的简朴薄膜界面可以于波矢量域中投射以及定制偏振以及频谱相应。经由过程这类要领，咱们可以将高维光信息编码成单次成像，并借助深度残差收集解码。

咱们的研究不只可以经由过程单一装备以及单次丈量于宽带频谱上实现肆意混淆全斯托克斯偏振态的光的周全表征，并且还能提供与开始进的单一用途小型化偏光计或者光谱仪相媲美的机能。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate that simple thin-film interfaces with spatial and frequency dispersion can project and tailor polarization and spectrum responses in the wavevector domain. By this means, high-dimensional light information can be encoded into single-shot imaging and deciphered with the assistance of a deep residual network. To the best of our knowledge, our work not only enables full characterization of light with arbitrarily mixed full-Stokes polarization states across a broadband spectrum with a single device and a single measurement but also presents comparable, if not better, performance than state-of-the-art single-purpose miniaturized polarimeters or spectrometers。

天文学Astronomy

Star formation shut down by multiphase gas outflow in a galaxy at a redshift of 2.45

于一个红移为2.45的星系中，多相气体流出终止了恒星的造成

▲ 作者：Sirio Belli, Minjung Park et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07412-1

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们陈诉了于红移2.445处履历倏地淬灭的年夜品质星系的JWST光谱阐发成果。咱们探测到幽微的电离气体流出以及强盛的中性气体流出，其品质流出率足以熄灭恒星造成。

咱们没有检测到X射线以及无线电勾当；可是电离气体发射谱线的特征表示了超年夜品质黑洞的存于。由此咱们以为，超年夜品质黑洞可以或许经由过程有用地喷射中性气体来迅速按捺年夜品质星系中恒星的造成。

▲ Abstract：

Here we report JWST spectroscopy of a massive galaxy experiencing rapid quenching at a redshift of 2.445. We detect a weak outflow of ionized gas and a powerful outflow of neutral gas, with a mass outflow rate that is sufficient to quench the star formation. Neither X-ray nor radio activity is detected; however, the presence of a supermassive black hole is suggested by the properties of the ionized gas emission lines. We thus conclude that supermassive black holes are able to rapidly suppress star formation in massive galaxies by efficiently ejecting neutral gas.

生物学Biology

Life-cycle-coupled evolution of mitosis in close relatives of animals

植物近缘中有丝破裂的生命周期耦合演化

▲ 作者：Hiral Shah, Marine Olivetta et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07430-z

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们使用比力基因组学以及超微布局成像的综合要领来研究植物以及真菌的远亲Ichthyosporea的有丝破裂计谋。

咱们发明这个分支中的物种已经经分解为真菌样的闭合有丝破裂或者植物样的开放有丝破裂，多是为了撑持差别的多核或者无核状况。咱们的研究成果注解，多核生命周期有益在闭合有丝破裂的演化。

▲ Abstract：

Here we use an integrated comparative genomics and ultrastructural imaging approach to investigate mitotic strategies in Ichthyosporea, close relatives of animals and fungi. We show that species in this clade have diverged towards either a fungal-like closed mitosis or an animal-like open mitosis, probably to support distinct multinucleated or uninucleated states. Our results indicate that multinucleated life cycles favour the evolution of closed mitosis.

医学Medicine

A whole-slide foundation model for digital pathology from real-world data

基在真实世界数据的全切片数字病理学模子

▲ 作者：Hanwen Xu, Naoto Usuyama et.al

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07441-w

▲ 择要：

于此，咱们展示Prov-GigaPath。这是一个全切片病理学根蒂根基模子，它对于来自美国普罗维顿斯市的171189张全切片中的13亿张256 256病理图象举行了预练习。普罗维顿斯市有28个癌症中央。

这些切片来自涵盖31种重要构造类型的3万多名患者。为了预练习Prov-GigaPath，咱们提出了一种新的视觉转换器架构GigaPath，用在预练习十亿像素的病理切片。为了将GigaPath扩大到具备数万个图象块的切片级进修，GigaPath将新开发的LongNet要领运用在数字病理学。

为了评估Prov-GigaPath，咱们同时使用来自普罗维顿斯市以及TCGA数据构建了一个数字病理基准，包孕9个癌症亚型使命以及17个病理使命。经由过程年夜范围预练习以及超年夜上下文建模，Prov-GigaPath于26个使命中的25个使命上到达了开始进的机能，于18个使命上比其他要领有了显著革新。

联合病理陈诉，咱们进一步证实了Prov-GigaPath于病理视觉言语预练习方面的潜力。综上，Prov-GigaPath是一种可于各类数字病理使命中实现开始进的机能的开放权重根蒂根基模子，它证实了真实世界数据以及全切片建模的主要性。

▲ Abstract：

Here we present Prov-GigaPath, a whole-slide pathology foundation model pretrained on 1.3 billion 256 256 pathology image tiles in 171,189 whole slides from Providence, a large US health network comprising 28 cancer centres. The slides originated from more than 30,000 patients covering 31 major tissue types. To pretrain Prov-GigaPath, we propose GigaPath, a novel vision transformer architecture for pretraining gigapixel pathology slides. To scale GigaPath for slide-level learning with tens of thousands of image tiles, GigaPath adapts the newly developed LongNet method to digital pathology. To evaluate Prov-GigaPath, we construct a digital pathology benchmark comprising 9 cancer subtyping tasks and 17 pathomics tasks, using both Providence and TCGA data. With large-scale pretraining and ultra-large-context modelling, Prov-GigaPath attains state-of-the-art performance on 25 out of 26 tasks, with significant improvement over the second-best method on 18 tasks. We further demonstrate the potential of Prov-GigaPath on vision language pretraining for pathology by incorporating the pathology reports. In sum, Prov-GigaPath is an open-weight foundation model that achieves state-of-the-art performance on various digital pathology tasks, demonstrating the importance of real-world data and whole-slide modelling.

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