Science,24 MAY 2024, Volume 384 Issue 6698

《科学》2024年5月24日，第384卷，6698期

天文学Astronomy

Strong damped Lyman-α absorption in young star-forming galaxies at redshifts 9 to 11

于红移9到11的年青恒星造成星系中强烈阻尼的莱曼α接收

▲作者：KASPER E. HEINTZ, DARACH WATSON et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adj0343

▲择要：

咱们阐发了韦布空间千里镜（JWST）拍摄到的红移为±8的遥远星系的近红外光谱。从包罗12个星系的样本中，咱们确定了3个因为其局部情况中的中性原子氢而体现出强烈的阻尼莱曼α接收的星系。

这些星系的光谱红移值别离为8.八、10.2以及11.4，对于应在宇宙年夜爆炸后的4亿到6亿年。它们的中性原子氢密度≥1022cm?2，这比预期中的中性星系间介质要高一个数目级，而且组成了一个富含气体的年青恒星造成星系群。

▲ Abstract：

We analyzed James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) near-infrared spectroscopy of distant galaxies, at redshifts ?8. From a sample of 12 galaxies, we identified three that show strong damped Lyman-α absorption due to H i in their local surroundings. The galaxies are located at spectroscopic redshifts of 8.8, 10.2, and 11.4, corresponding to 400 to 600 million years after the Big Bang. They have H i column densities ?1022cm?2, which is an order of magnitude higher than expected for a fully neutral intergalactic medium, and constitute a gas-rich population of young star-forming galaxies.

Unrecoverable lattice rotation governs structural degradation of single-crystalline cathodes

不成恢复的晶格扭转节制着单晶阴极的布局退化

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado1675

▲择要：

哄骗多标准空间分辩率衍射以及成像技能，咱们不雅察到晶格扭转于单晶阴极中遍及存于，并于布局退化中起要害作用。

这些晶格扭转被证实是不成恢复的，而且于反复的轮回中节制着倒霉晶格畸变的堆集，致使布局以及机械退化和容量加快阑珊。这些发明填补了以前于倏地机能掉效以及原子标准布局退化之间的机制接洽方面存于的常识差距。

▲ Abstract：

Leveraging multiscale spatial resolution diffraction and imaging techniques, we observe that lattice rotations occur universally in single-crystalline cathodes and play a pivotal role in the structure degradation. These lattice rotations prove unrecoverable and govern the accumulation of adverse lattice distortions over repeated cycles, contributing to structural and mechanical degradation and fast capacity fade. These findings bridge the previous knowledge gap that exists in the mechanistic link between fast performance failure and atomic-scale structure degradation.

Synthesis and characterization of low-dimensional N-heterocyclic carbene lattices

低维氮杂环卡宾晶格的合成与表征

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adm9814

▲择要：

于此，咱们展示了一种模块化的要领来设计一维金属无机链以及二维Kagome晶格，使用NHC-Au-NHC结的FMOs来创立具备固有金属性的低维份子收集。

扫描地道光谱以及第一性道理密度泛函理论展现了C–Au–C π-键态对于具备极小功函数的一维以及二维NHC晶格色散带的孝敬。

▲ Abstract：

Here we demonstrate a modular approach to engineering one-dimensional (1D) metal-organic chains and two-dimensional (2D) Kagome lattices using the FMOs of NHC–Au–NHC junctions to create low-dimensional molecular networks exhibiting intrinsic metallicity. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy and first-principles density functional theory reveal the contribution of C–Au–C π-bonding states to dispersive bands that imbue 1D- and 2D-NHC lattices with exceptionally small work f���unctions.

Impact of early visual experience on later usage of color cues

初期视觉经验对于后期色采线索使用的影响

▲作者：MARIN VOGELSANG, LUKAS VOGELSANG et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adk9587

▲择要：

人类的视觉辨认对于颜色变迁很是敏感。于这项研究中，经由过程对于10名天赋掉明、后期重获目力的儿童的不雅察，咱们对于这类恢复力的泉源提供了一种潜于的注释。

于他们的目力恢复手术后的几个月或者几年里，颜色线索的移除了显著降低了他们的辨认威力，而一般目力的同龄儿童中则没有这类环境。这一发明可以注释为目力恢复儿童于重获目力时的颜色体系比平凡新生儿更成熟，致使对于颜色线索的过分依靠。咱们用深度神经收集举行的模仿证明了这一假定。

这些发明凸起了典型发育轨迹的顺应性意思，并为加强呆板视觉体系提供了引导。

▲ Abstract：

Human visual recognition is remarkably robust to chromatic changes. In this work, we provide a potential account of the roots of this resilience based on observations with 10 congenitally blind children who gained sight late in life. Several months or years following their sight-restoring surgeries, the removal of color cues markedly reduced their recognition performance, whereas age-matched normally sighted children showed no such decrement. This finding may be explained by the greater-than-neonatal maturity of the late-sighted children’s color system at sight onset, inducing overly strong reliance on chromatic cues. Simulations with deep neural networks corroborate this hypothesis. These findings highlight the adaptive significance of typical developmental trajectories and provide guidelines for enhancing machine vision systems.

Crows “count” the number of self-generated vocalizations

乌鸦会给本身ID啼声“计数”

▲作者：DIANA A. LIAO, KATHARINA F. BRECHT et al.

▲链接：

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adl0984

▲择要：

有目的地发出特定命量的声音需要数字威力以及声音节制的繁杂联合。除了人类以外，植物是否具有这类威力还不患上而知。

咱们发明，乌鸦可以矫捷地发出一到四种差别数目的声音，以相应与数值相干的肆意信息。第一声的声学特性可猜测发声的总次数，注解整个发声历程是有规划的。此外，发声单位的声学特性猜测了它们于的挨次，可用在读出发声历程中的计数过错。

▲ Abstract：

Producing a specific number of vocalizations with purpose requires a sophisticated combination of numerical abilities and vocal control. Whether this capacity exists in animals other than humans is yet unknown. We show that crows can flexibly produce variable numbers of one to four vocalizations in response to arbitrary cues associated with numerical values. The acoustic features of the first vocalization of a sequence were predictive of the total number of vocalizations, indicating a planning process. Moreover, the acoustic features of vocal units predicted their order in the sequence and could be used to read out counting errors during vocal production.

Rice’s trajectory from wild to domesticated in East Asia

水稻于东亚从野生到驯化的轨迹

▲择要：

于此，咱们提供了从中国长江下流四周的上山以及荷花山两个考古遗迹中取样的水稻动物化石的证据。咱们证实了至少于10万年前就已经生长野生稻，它作为一种收罗资源的最初开发约莫于2.4万年以前，它的前驯化栽种约莫于1.3万年以前，终极于1.1万年以前完成驯化。

这些成长阶段注解了漫长的东亚水稻驯化历程，并将谷物进化的持续记载延长到月牙沃地之外。

▲ Abstract：

Here, we present evidence of rice phytoliths sampled from two archaeological sites in China, Shangshan and Hehuashan, near the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. We demonstrate the growth of wild rice at least 100,000 years before present, its initial exploitation as a gathered resource at about 24,000 years before present, its predomestication cultivation at about 13,000 years before present, and eventually its domestication at about 11,000 years before present. These developmental stages illuminate a protracted process of rice domestication in East Asia and extend the continuous records of cereal evolution beyond the Fertile Crescent.

/乐鱼